Bank ProfilesResearch Lab
Capitol Federal: a mortgage thrift changes its loan and funding mix
The Topeka savings bank is broadening commercial banking after a costly securities restructuring, while deposits and earnings recover.
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Payment Networks & SettlementResearch Lab
Card holds: why a pending purchase reduces available money
A hotel reservation can tie up spending capacity before a final charge arrives. Following one bill from approval to posting explains holds, reversals and the temporary appearance of paying twice.
Cards & Consumer LendingResearch Lab
Card payment rates: what a falling number does and does not say about households
Payment rates connect household repayment with issuer balances and funding. Product mix, balance transfers and the measurement window can change the number even when individual behavior is unchanged.
Cards & Consumer LendingResearch Lab
Card rewards: what happens between earning a point and redeeming it
Rewards create a promise to the cardholder, a cost for the issuer and sometimes revenue for a travel partner. Those flows arrive at different times, which is why more points or more spending does not automatically mean more profit.
Business Models & StrategyResearch Lab
Cash-flow statements: following the money behind reported profit
A distributor can earn $100 million but generate only $85 million of operating cash. Following collections, inventory, equipment and borrowing explains the gap and reconciles the year’s closing cash balance.
Consumer-Protection CasesResearch Lab
CashCall’s loan-collection case: why the $134 million repayment order survived
Courts found that CashCall collected debts borrowers did not legally owe. Appeals changed the financial remedy, and a September 2026 ruling rejected another attempt to reopen the judgment.
Bank ProfilesResearch Lab
Cathay Bank: community roots, property lending and a wider Asian network
Cathay’s Los Angeles origins still shape a relationship bank with a large U.S. property portfolio. Its 2026 Vietnam office extends international reach while deposit pricing remains central to earnings.
Credit Underwriting & PerformanceResearch Lab
CECL and bank earnings: why the same loan losses can produce different profits
Provision expense reflects changes in expected collections as well as losses already recognized. Allowance bridges, loan growth and purchased-loan accounting explain why the earnings headline needs context.
Bank ProfilesResearch Lab
Celtic Bank: business lending through several channels
The Salt Lake City lender finances business investment directly and through partners. The financing task, retained exposure and timing of cash matter more than the product label alone.
Bank ProfilesResearch Lab
Centennial Bank: community-bank acquisitions and a national lending arm
The April 2026 Mountain Commerce acquisition extended Centennial into Tennessee. Its wider business combines acquired local deposits, property lending and specialist finance under one bank charter.
Bank ProfilesResearch Lab
Centier Bank: a fifth-generation transition as assets pass $10 billion
Centier’s 2026 succession kept leadership within the Schrage family. Its Indiana franchise and national mortgage-warehouse business sit alongside a bank balance sheet with more deposits, less FHLB borrowing and higher noncurrent loans.
Payment Networks & SettlementResearch Lab
Central clearing: where risk goes when trades share a counterparty
A clearing house can net trades and organize default protection. Margin calls, collateral and the order of loss-sharing explain both the protection and the liquidity pressure it can create.
Bank ProfilesResearch Lab
Charles Schwab Trust Bank: retirement custody and a loan-free balance sheet
The trust bank provides services to retirement plans while its own June 2026 balance sheet holds securities and cash, with no loans. Client investments, bank deposits and the broader Schwab group remain distinct.
Bank ProfilesResearch Lab
CIBC Bank USA: specialist lending inside a cross-border banking group
CIBC’s Chicago bank connects commercial borrowers with a wider North American network. Its specialty products explain the business model; a credit-provision reversal explains part of the U.S. segment’s latest earnings improvement.
Regulatory & Failure CasesResearch Lab
Citibank’s data-control orders: the escalation and the limited relief
The OCC’s 2020 order led to another penalty and tighter resource controls in 2024. A December 2025 termination removed the amendment, without terminating the original order.
Consumer-Protection CasesResearch Lab
Citizens’ credit-card dispute case: the form, the refund and the $9 million judgment
A 2023 court settlement addressed allegations that Citizens denied card disputes over missing affidavits and left some fees unrefunded. The case explains the difference between investigating a claim and closing a file.
Bank ProfilesResearch Lab
City National Bank of Florida builds beyond its Miami roots
A Chilean parent, Florida acquisitions and national capital-markets services have widened the franchise. New teams in Tampa and Orlando show its next expansion taking shape.
Equities, Derivatives & FundsResearch Lab
Closed-end funds: why a rising portfolio can leave shareholders behind
A listed fund has both a portfolio value and a market price. Discounts, financing costs and cash distributions can push those two experiences in different directions.
Bank ProfilesResearch Lab
Coastal Community Bank: local banking, partner platforms and a costly promise
Coastal’s parent reported a second-quarter 2026 loss. The episode shows why a promise to reimburse credit losses depends on the money behind it.
Bank ProfilesResearch Lab
Columbia Bank: the July conversion and the deposits that arrived before it
Columbia’s completed conversion and Northfield merger enlarged the New Jersey franchise. Its June deposit growth included stock-subscription money, creating an unusual pre-merger baseline.
Bank ProfilesResearch Lab
Columbia Bank: the western franchise after Pacific Premier
A completed acquisition and the retirement of the Umpqua name created one larger western bank. Association services, equipment finance and a changing funding mix show how the combined franchise operates.
Bank ProfilesResearch Lab
Commerce Bank: Midwest deposits, national payments and a larger wealth business
The FineMark acquisition enlarged Commerce’s wealth franchise. Card fees, deposits and investment securities also shape a business extending beyond traditional loans.
Mortgages & Business LendingResearch Lab
Commercial property: why a paying loan can still be hard to refinance
A building can collect rent and make every loan payment yet need fresh cash when its debt matures. Property income, market value and the terms of a replacement loan determine the gap.
Regulatory & Failure CasesResearch Lab
Community Federal Savings Bank: payment growth and a breakdown in monitoring
The OCC’s April 2026 order described weaknesses in how CFSB understood customers and investigated payment activity, including alerts that automation closed too readily.
Decisioning & Model ToolsResearch Lab
Conformal prediction: what a 90% forecast range really promises
Conformal prediction adds calibrated ranges to model forecasts. A worked cash-flow example shows how those ranges are built, why average coverage can conceal weak subgroups, and why changing conditions and delayed outcomes limit the promise.
Bank ProfilesResearch Lab
ConnectOne Bank: Long Island expansion and property-loan stress
Founded by Frank Sorrentino in 2005, ConnectOne expanded through bank combinations. The First of Long Island merger closed June 1, 2025; systems conversion was reported complete in July. Property lending remained central to the larger bank.
Mortgages & Business LendingResearch Lab
Construction lending: the money still needed to finish
A construction loan funds a property that cannot yet produce its expected value. The crucial link is between each payment, the work it buys and the resources left to finish and repay the project.
Bank ProfilesResearch Lab
Consumers National Bank: growing beyond Minerva
Consumers’ Ohio expansion combines branch purchases and farm lending with a new risk-and-legal role. Parent earnings run on a June fiscal year.
Regulatory & Failure CasesResearch Lab
Continental Illinois in 1984: the bank run behind a landmark rescue
A wholesale funding run pushed Continental Illinois into an extraordinary rescue in 1984. Regulators kept the bank open, protected depositors and general creditors, replaced management and took rights to a controlling ownership stake.
Mortgages & Business LendingResearch Lab
Corporate revolvers: when a credit line becomes usable cash
A committed revolver gives a company a way to borrow, repay and borrow again. Existing drawings, letters of credit, covenant tests and maturity determine how much of the headline amount is available.
Payment Networks & SettlementResearch Lab
Correspondent banking: how a cross-border payment reaches its destination
Banks use other banks’ accounts and services to reach currencies and markets they cannot serve directly. The route’s funding, exchange costs and handoffs determine how much reaches the recipient and when it can be used.
Equities, Derivatives & FundsResearch Lab
Covered-call funds: what the monthly cash payment leaves out
An option premium buys a limited cushion against losses by selling some future gains. Fund structure, market path and tax treatment determine what remains after the distributions.
Regulatory & Failure CasesResearch Lab
Covington County Bank’s 2026 order: rebuilding customer checks and suspicious-activity reporting
The FDIC and Mississippi regulators required the Collins bank to revise its anti-money-laundering program after a 2025 examination. The consent agreement was dated March 25, 2026; the order took effect March 26.
Macroeconomics & Public FinanceResearch Lab
CPI and PCE: why two inflation measures can tell different stories
Two agencies can observe the same price changes and report different inflation rates. Coverage, spending weights and formulas explain the gap, while neither national average reproduces every household’s bills.
Consumer Credit & Fair-Lending LawResearch Lab
Credit-card ability to pay: what issuers must assess before offering credit
Card issuers must consider income or assets and current obligations before opening an account or increasing its limit. The rule focuses on required minimum payments, with different income provisions for applicants under 21.
Cards & Consumer LendingResearch Lab
Credit-card limits: why utilization can jump without new borrowing
A lower card limit can raise the utilization ratio and remove spending room while leaving the debt unchanged. The effects on payment access, notices, funding and bank capital answer different questions.
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