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Bank funding, liquidity, capital and balance-sheet mechanics explained in context.
Compare banks →Affirm’s dated forward-flow agreements show why a purchase commitment differs from loan volume. Sale proceeds, servicing fees and retained obligations also measure different things.
Two hypothetical examples show how collateral limits and slower loan sales can reduce available warehouse funding, even when a facility’s headline commitment is unchanged.
How one economic shock can affect many borrowers, weaken collateral and trigger credit-line draws, even when a bank’s loans appear spread across different categories.
An internal funding price helps compare lending, deposit gathering and transaction businesses. The result depends on cash-flow timing, behavioral assumptions and how liquidity costs and benefits are assigned.
How bank Call Reports connect loans, deposits, earnings, credit losses and capital, and why reporting periods and legal-entity boundaries matter.
A bank’s lending income and funding costs meet in one percentage. A worked example explains the calculation, the moving parts and its limits.
The Maine bank pairs regional services with mutual ownership and a fiscal-year recovery that included property-sale gains.
A century-old bank links commercial lending, operating deposits and wealth management across metropolitan New York.
Auto-loan securitization turns borrowers’ installments into securities with different payment priorities. The process broadens funding but leaves important questions about loss protection, servicing, prepayments and the comparability of loan pools.
Repurchase agreements exchange cash for securities with a promised reversal. Collateral reduces exposure, but haircuts, margin calls and refinancing needs can turn modest market moves into immediate cash demands.
A bank can own a valuable asset without being free to sell or pledge it again. Asset encumbrance links secured funding, public deposits, derivatives and contingent liquidity by asking which creditor already has a claim on each asset.
Government deposits can look like ordinary bank funding while consuming pledged collateral and following concentrated tax-and-spending cycles. Deposit insurance, collateral protection and immediately usable liquidity are three separate questions.
Loan risk ratings describe the strength of repayment and the severity of weaknesses. Their meaning depends on consistent definitions, timely migration and the distinction between borrower risk, facility protection, accounting loss and payment status.
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