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Deposit behavior, central-bank and wholesale funding, collateral availability, liquidity buffers and funding prices.
Federal Reserve lending can bridge a bank’s cash shortfall, but the assets, legal agreements and borrowing process must be ready. Recent changes simplify access while keeping collateral and eligibility requirements in place.
Policy rates reach depositors unevenly. Beta, timing, account migration, funding competition and asset repricing jointly shape bank margins and customer returns.
A bank needs cash for immediate withdrawals and dependable funding for assets that last longer. The liquidity coverage ratio and net stable funding ratio measure those different needs, with rules tailored to the institutions they cover.
Federal Home Loan Banks turn eligible collateral into secured funding for their members. The cash arrives with a repayment obligation, a stock investment and limits that become especially important when funding is under pressure.
An internal funding price helps compare lending, deposit gathering and transaction businesses. The result depends on cash-flow timing, behavioral assumptions and how liquidity costs and benefits are assigned.
Repurchase agreements exchange cash for securities with a promised reversal. Collateral reduces exposure, but haircuts, margin calls and refinancing needs can turn modest market moves into immediate cash demands.
A bank can own a valuable asset without being free to sell or pledge it again. Asset encumbrance links secured funding, public deposits, derivatives and contingent liquidity by asking which creditor already has a claim on each asset.
Government deposits can look like ordinary bank funding while consuming pledged collateral and following concentrated tax-and-spending cycles. Deposit insurance, collateral protection and immediately usable liquidity are three separate questions.
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