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Chartering, prudential supervision, agency powers, securities rules, competition and the legal structure of financial markets.
Congress created the CFPB after the financial crisis to oversee consumer finance. Court fights over its leadership and funding have since shaped how the agency can carry out that work.
Signed by President Obama on July 21, 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and a systemic-risk council, brought derivatives under federal oversight and set tougher rules for the largest banks. Congress narrowed it in 2014 and 2018, courts reshaped the consumer bureau, and the Federal Reserve finalized new stress-test rules in September 2026 while capital proposals remain pending.
In March 2026 the Federal Reserve, FDIC and OCC proposed three rules that would modestly cut capital requirements for the largest banks and cut them more for smaller ones, reversing the direction of a 2023 plan. Comments closed June 18, 2026. As of October 12 no final rule had been issued, though Vice Chair for Supervision Michelle Bowman has said she expects the Fed board to finalize capital reforms before the end of 2026.
Part 30 gives the OCC a process for addressing weak bank controls before losses deepen. Its recovery-planning appendix was removed in May 2026; the wider standards and compliance-plan process remain.
The Supreme Court struck down the FTC’s removal protection in June 2026. Its same-day Cook decision addressed a request to pause an injunction, a different legal question.
Brokerage protection has several layers: control of customer securities, a reserve for customer cash obligations, the firm’s own capital and a liquidation process if assets are missing. SIPC supports restoration of custody claims, not the market value of an investment.
Part 370 prepares covered banks to calculate deposit insurance after failure. Its records, systems and relief provisions are distinct from a promise of immediate access to every deposit.
Pass-through coverage follows the owner and the bank holding the deposit. A different app does not create a new insurance limit, and a nonbank outage is not an insured-bank failure.
Chapter 11 lets a company keep operating under court supervision while it rewrites what it owes. The automatic stay, financing orders, creditor votes and the absolute priority rule decide who gets paid, in what order, and who ends up owning the business.
H.R. 10184 would put the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau on annual appropriations, narrow its abusive-practices power, cut its top penalty tier and raise the bank size at which it supervises from $10 billion to $30 billion. A House committee approved it 28–21 on September 16, 2026; it has not reached the House floor.
The Community Reinvestment Act asks how well banks help meet the credit needs of the places they serve. Banks are still examined under the long-standing 1995-era rules after a court blocked the 2023 overhaul, and the OCC and FDIC have proposed their own narrower revision, with comments due October 13, 2026.
On September 11, 2026, four federal banking and credit-union regulators proposed new, shorter guidance on how banks oversee outside companies, with comments due November 16, 2026. The 2023 interagency guidance stays in place until any final version replaces it. A separate statement on community banks' core technology providers, issued the same day by three of the agencies, is already final.
First Security’s failed combination with Zions and its 2000 acquisition by Wells Fargo show how shareholder decisions and local competition shaped Utah banking consolidation.
Capital-category restrictions remain central to brokered deposits. A separate September 2026 rule changed the exception for qualifying reciprocal deposits.
An industrial bank can be owned by a company outside the ordinary bank-holding-company framework, but the insured bank remains regulated. The important boundary is how the bank is protected from, and supported by, its commercial parent.
Investment-adviser fiduciary duties and broker-dealer Regulation Best Interest govern different relationships. Their practical meaning depends on the service, timing, compensation and conflicts involved, rather than a professional title alone.
A July 2026 law changed the limits for treating reciprocal deposits as nonbrokered funding. The FDIC’s implementing rule took effect September 1; eligibility, deposit insurance and funding stability remain separate questions.
Merger notification is a procedural gateway, while antitrust review asks whether a transaction may harm competition. Filing rules, evidence, remedies and closing risk operate on different timelines.
The OCC clarified national trust-bank authority in 2026. A charter application, preliminary approval and permission to open remain separate milestones.
Private placements exchange public-registration requirements for conditions on offering methods, investor eligibility and resale. Accreditation opens a legal doorway; it does not establish quality, liquidity or an appropriate price.
Insider-credit restrictions address conflicts in allocating a bank’s money while allowing qualifying relationships to be evaluated on their actual merits.
A financial group’s resources are not freely interchangeable. Bank-level limits and market terms shape how affiliated businesses fund and serve one another.
The Federal Reserve’s proposal, its examination policy and the OCC/FDIC final rule have different legal statuses. Financial-risk and compliance duties continue.
The law changed who must stand behind corporate reports, how internal controls are assessed and who oversees public-company auditors. Its legacy involves stronger accountability, uneven compliance costs and important limits on what an audit can establish.
Financial models inform pricing, cash planning, valuations and fraud decisions. The 2026 interagency guidance emphasizes oversight suited to the risk and draws a boundary around the AI systems it covers.
An adopted OCC/FDIC rule is scheduled to take effect November 2, 2026. It distinguishes enforcement standards, matters requiring attention and informal observations.
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